Urban growth and neglect, however, overcame the advance. Land developers inspired the spread of the city when they built suburbs such as Pasadena , Houston Heights , Deer Park , Bellaire , and West University Place There, architect John F.
Staub designed tasteful homes to match the curved streets and large green lawns. Suburbs have since spread out in the metropolitan region. Mitchell between and north of Houston in southern Montgomery County.
Mitchell blended homes, business places, and recreation facilities into the pine woods with minimal environmental disturbance. Holcombe used its annexation power to envelop the older suburbs. As a result the city more than doubled in size, from 73 square miles in to square miles in In the council voted more annexation—again doubling the size of the city—and in while fighting with neighboring towns, the council threatened to annex all unclaimed land in Harris County.
Compromises finally brought the annexation war under control. Part of the dispute involved the rich and prestigious land around Clear Lake to the south, where in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration built the Lyndon B.
Johnson Space Center. Houston eventually assumed control the land in Subsequent annexations grew the city from square miles in to square miles by The bitterly-contested annexation of Kingwood, Texas, in resulted in changes to state law that have since limited the city's annexation power. In the ordering of urban space Houston politicians and voters have rejected the use of zoning.
The administration of Mayor Kathy Whitmire in the s brought the subject up for review, but Houston remained infamous as the largest unzoned city in the United States. The lack of zoning has not affected development to any great extent, however, since heavy industry concentrated in the area of the ship channel and subdivisions controlled construction through deed restrictions.
This casual attitude toward land use encouraged business expansion. The greatest city builder in the first half of the twentieth century was banker Jesse H. By the mids he had constructed about thirty commercial structures, and in he controlled fifty buildings.
He brought the Democratic convention to the city and later served as Franklin D. Roosevelt's secretary of commerce. His most impressive structure was the thirty-seven-story Gulf Building , completed in The prosperity after World War II brought the world famous Galleria shopping mall with its interior ice-skating rink in ; Pennzoil Place , a startling Black-glass downtown building in ; and the Astrodome in In Houston hosted the Republican national convention.
Thanks to construction fueled largely by the s oil boom, the Houston skyline became a showcase of modern architecture and home to seven of the state's ten tallest buildings by A second construction boom began in the mids, and by the city contained high-rises, including forty-five skyscrapers over feet. The city meanwhile matured culturally and socially. The Texas Medical Center , once famous primarily for heart transplants, emerged as a global focal point for heart and cancer treatment and is now the world's largest medical complex.
In the center was among the largest employers in Houston, with , employees, and was also home to the world's largest cancer and children's hospitals. In Dominique and John de Menil built the Rothko Chapel , which became a place of religious pilgrimage, and in Dominique de Menil constructed a gallery to house the Menil Collection of modern art.
This added to the collections of art that began with the opening of the Museum of Fine Arts in A free secondary school system began in and became the Houston Independent School District in This district is now one of the largest in the nation.
Rice University started in , financed by a bequest from William Marsh Rice, who made his fortune in Houston in the nineteenth century. The University of Houston began as a junior college in and was supported by oilman Hugh Roy Cullen in its early years, until it became part of the state system of higher education in Texas Southern University began in as part of the University of Houston. The University of St. Thomas began in and Houston Baptist University in In George H.
Hermann donated Hermann Park, where a thirty-acre zoo was established in Memorial Park, the other major Houston park, developed from land purchased in Seven other stations followed. Professional sports teams arrived—the Houston Astros the Colt. The Oilers, who relocated to Tennessee in , were replaced by the Houston Texans in , and the Houston Dynamo soccer team was established in Howard Beeth and Cary D. Wintz, eds. David G.
Beth Anne Shelton et al. Marilyn M. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style , 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Construction boom helps to offset job losses in energy over the next two years. Nearly 80, energy-related jobs are lost. Ellington Airport receives a commercial spaceport license by the Federal Aviation Administration.
Hurricane Harvey inundates Houston with five days of rain. Total rainfall exceeds 50 inches in many parts of the region. My Account. Houston Data.
Why Houston. International Business. UpSkill Houston. Public Policy. Get involved. Living in Houston. Houston Timeline. Explore the history of Houston by decade in this interactive timeline. Houston's birth coincides with Texas' battle for independence as the new town struggles to create an identity. The Laura is the first steamship to visit Houston. A bucket brigade, Protection Fire Company No. A replica of one of the original maps for the new city of Houston created by Gail Borden, who was hired by the Allen brothers.
The decade ushers in a Chamber of Commerce for Houston, the first sustained media outlet for the region, and statehood for Texas. Old Market Square on what is today the north end of Downtown. Houston's identity as a trading hub emerges with improvements to Buffalo Bayou and the first railroad.
Three competing firefighting companies combined into the Houston Volunteer Fire Department. Main Street between Congress and Preston in Source: University of Houston Digital Library. Commerce continues to grow in the s as Houston introduces the first iteration of public transportation. Mule drawn trolleys first appear in Houston in the s.
The idea of a dedicated ship channel crystallizes, setting the stage for Houston's future as a global trading hub. Houston Board of Trade and Cotton Exchange are organized. First grain elevator is built on the Houston Ship Channel. An engraving depicting Buffalo Bayou at Allen's Landing in the s. Electric power and a dedicated communications grid top infrastructure improvements in the s. Houston's Grand Central Station. A professional fire department and a dedicated city park help elevate Houston moving into the s.
Houston is first Texas city with electric streetcars. Automobile first appears in Houston as an advertising gimmick. Houston's first asphalt street paving is laid on Franklin Street. A devastating hurricane in Galveston and the discovery of oil at Spindletop set in motion a reversal of fortunes for Houston and Galveston as economic momentum moves from the island community to its inland sister.
Houston police begin using motorcycles to enforce speed limits. Spindletop oilfield, east of Houston. More than 3. The vast majority of those travelers came from Mexico. International trade directly or indirectly supports more than one-third of all jobs in the Houston metropolitan area. Fifteen foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here, and the city has 35 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations.
Bush Intercontinental Airport offers non-stop service to more than 70 international destinations. It now serves more than 55 destinations. The Texas Medical Center sees an annual average of 16, International patient visits.
Houston received approximately Houston has more than 80, hotel rooms with approximately 8, located downtown. Hobby Airport handled 55 million passengers in With more than 4. Houston is one of only a few U. Houston has more than institutions devoted to the performing and visual arts, science and history in the Houston area.
Theater Facts:. These museums provide rich experiences in art, history, culture, nature and science. The district is divided in four walkable zones, each of which includes a group of museums. The Greater Houston area has 14 major institutions of higher learning and more than 60 degree-granting colleges, universities and technical schools.
Houston Rice University is the birthplace of nanotechnology. The region has some trade, vocational and business schools. Elaine Turner has built a thriving accessories business from her Houston headquarters. Fashion designer and native Houstonian Cesar Galindo is recognized worldwide for his cocktail and evening wear collections, which have appeared in print, television, film and the runway of New York Fashion Week. Houston is considered to have one of the best culinary scenes in the country, with cuisine from around the world.
There are more than 10, restaurants in the Houston area with culinary choices that represent more than 70 countries and American regions. Houstonians dine out nearly more than residents of any other city—6. Houston is home to Johnson Space Center, the training base and home for our nation's astronauts and the site of Mission Control. Over 3, men and women began their careers in this facility. In , "Houston" was the first word spoken from the moon. The Apollo 11 mission established a place in history for the city when astronaut Neil Armstrong spoke the now-famous line, "Houston, Tranquility Base here.
The Eagle has landed. Space Center Houston is the home of the international landmark Independence Plaza, the only place in the world where you can enter a space shuttle replica resting on top of the original shuttle carrier aircraft, NASA The exhibit immerses visitors in the science and history of the shuttle era and gives them a rare glimpse into the ingenuity, breakthroughs and technological advances which impacted the future of exploration.
Only at Space Center Houston can visitors walk through the flight deck, mid-deck and payload bay of a shuttle replica and the seven dynamic areas within the aircraft.
Who would have guessed that the lush, green landscape on the Rushmore campus was not filmed in New England but in Houston just 10 minutes from downtown? Anderson Cancer Center, the No.
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