The easing of the rules regarding lane infringements are among the competition rule CR and technical rule TR changes approved by the World Athletics Council which come into force from today 1 November These were agreed in March and July and are available for download in the Book of Rules.
Area and Member Federations are notified of all rule changes directly after the Council meeting at which the decision is made. Lane infringement rule changes had been on the agenda of the World Athletics Technical Committee since January Rather like race walk transgressions, some one-off lane infringements are now permitted, but shall result in disqualification if they are repeated by the same athlete or within the same relay team at any time during the rounds of the same event.
Two further exceptions have been added to the list of scenarios under TR These are: Three semi-finals were normally held for each m event men and women , but because only two semi-finals were held in a small number of championships i. A total of championship performances men: performances; women: performances , with many athletes competing in several championships, were analyzed.
The performances of 61 men and 52 women in the qualifying heats, and 14 men and six women in the semi-finals, were removed as outliers as their finishing times were more than 1. The results of 13 men and three women who were disqualified, and eight men and four women who did not finish during the qualifying heats, were excluded from the analysis. In the semi-finals, the results of five men and five women who did not finish, and four men who were disqualified, were not included in the analysis of that round.
The results of three men and one woman who qualified for the semi-finals via the Jury of Appeal were included for analysis in the semi-finals and final as appropriate , but not in the qualifying heats.
Similarly, the results of two men who qualified for the final in by appeal were included for analysis in the qualifying heats and final. Sixteen men and five women who were analyzed had no SB recorded before the championships. The study was designed as observational research in describing placings and progression per ordered lane and heat. In most championships, the stadium had an eight-lane track; on those occasions when the track had nine lanes, the inside lane was typically vacated and thus for those occasions Lane 2 was considered Lane 1, etc.
On the very rare occasions that nine athletes competed in a race and doubling-up in a single lane occurred, both athletes' performances were counted for that lane. For the analysis of effect of lane draw, the number of qualifiers from each lane comprising automatic qualifiers and fastest losers, but not those who progressed by appeal in the qualifying heats and semi-finals were measured, as were the number of medalists per lane in the final.
The number of qualifying heats per championship varied from six to nine men and five to eight women. Accordingly, the number of athletes qualifying as fastest losers varied so that, when added to the automatic qualifiers, 24 progressed to the semi-finals. Exceptions occurred in the men's event in , , and when appeals meant that 25 took part in the semi-finals, and , when one athlete dropped out of the competition before the semi-finals.
The single exception in the women's events was in when 25 took part in the semi-finals because one athlete progressed by appeal.
The expected total across all championships for each qualifying heat was then found i. All semi-finals had a format of three separate races, with the top two finishers advancing as automatic qualifiers and two fastest losers qualifying across all three races. Because there was a set number of automatic qualifiers per qualifying heat and semi-final, the performances of the fastest losers were analyzed rather than the automatic qualifiers, but the mean times of all athletes in each heat were also measured to indicate overall race quality, and to allow comparisons between heats regarding whether even distribution of athlete ability occurred.
One-way analysis of variance ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were conducted to compare mean finishing and season's best times between qualifying heat numbers and semi-final numbers for both fastest losers and all athletes. Similarly, to analyze progression rates from qualifying heats, the number of fastest losers from the first half of the qualifying heats were grouped, and compared with the number from the second half using Pearson's chi-squared test of association.
Progression rates in the qualifying heats were compared using the first and second halves of the draw because of the disparity in the number of qualifying heats between championships e. In those instances where an odd number of qualifying heats were held as occurred in four men's and three women's championships , there was one qualifying heat more included in the first half than in the second.
Figure 1 shows the placings and progression for each lane based on the proportion of athletes running in that lane who qualified for the next round, or who won medals in the final, compared with the expected rate per lane which equaled the mean of the actual rates found across all lanes.
During the qualifying heats, there were no differences in the women's event between the progression rates of those running in the middle lanes compared with either the inner or outer lanes, but in the men's qualifying heats the progression rate was higher in the middle lanes and inner lanes than in the outer lanes [middle vs. In the men's semi-finals, those in the middle lanes were more likely to qualify [middle vs.
Figure 1. The expected value shown as a dotted line refers to the percentage of athletes who would be expected to qualify from each lane or win a medal if randomly allocated. Table 2 shows the mean finishing and SB times for those running in the inner, middle, and outer lanes, with annotations of any differences found. Table 2. Tables 3 , 4 show the progression of the fastest losers by qualifying heat and semi-finals, as well as the mean times run by the fastest losers and all athletes in each ordered heat.
In both men's and women's qualifying heats, there was no difference in qualifying progression rates between the first half and second half of races. Table 3. Table 4. The mean SBs for the fastest losers and all athletes per heat are shown in Table 5. There were no differences found between SBs in either the qualifying heats or semi-finals for either men or women. Table 5. The aim of this study was to establish whether the draws for heats and lanes have an effect on placings and progression in m championship racing.
The fact that lane draw in the qualifying heats and heat draw qualifying heats and semi-finals is by lot, with no differences in SBs found, allows for a robust analysis of the effects of those draws.
The lack of a difference in finishing times could reflect how achieving qualification can be a matter of very close finishes Hanley et al. As hypothesized, there were higher placings and progression rates for the middle four lanes during the semi-finals and final, which was unsurprising as the effects are biased because the highest-ranked athletes were drawn in those lanes, and their SBs were indeed faster than those in the inner and outer lanes.
Starting in the outer lanes prevents athletes from seeing their rivals who could be used as external references for pacing Renfree et al. Conversely, running in the inner positions allows athletes to see their opponents but might be blocked by them as they converge inwards after the breaking point, although the inner lanes were slower than the outer lanes during the semi-finals only which was not unexpected as the outer lanes have been allocated to faster athletes since Each lane thus has its own advantages and disadvantages, and though the random allocation of lanes that occurs in the qualifying heats is fair, being able to see other competitors in the inner lanes might outweigh the disadvantage of the tighter bend for men.
Furthermore, no differences were found in the probability of achieving a medal during the men's finals between athletes in the inner and middle lanes, even though the middle lane athletes had run faster SBs. The concern that running in the inner lanes might hinder m athletes is therefore unjustified as athletes run the other three bends in the inner lanes to achieve the shortest total distance in any case, and are therefore accustomed to their curvature. Additionally, the slower pace adopted compared with and m races might reduce any impact of running in the inner lanes.
It is possible that those athletes who doubled up in a lane competed with each other for the inside position within their lane, necessitating a faster start than normal, but these incidences were very rare. Instead, the very inside lane was often vacated, either because fewer than eight athletes competed in any particular race although never in the semi-finals or because a nine-lane track was used. Because the first m, which is run in lanes, represents one eighth of the total race distance, tactical positioning is a very important aspect of championship racing Casado and Renfree, , and athletes should consider potential tactical options.
Whereas world-class athletes drawn in the outer lanes during the heats do not need to worry unduly about their starting lane, as, like in the later rounds, it is usually those with the fastest season's best times who qualify Renfree et al. These athletes should try to experience multiple races before a major championship, as practicing running in the outer lanes can be useful when learning to take the shortest realistic path when breaking to the inside Martin and Coe, Championship racing is, however, quite different from Diamond League competition because of the absence of pacemakers Filipas et al.
Imagine if there is a situation where we have a breakdown or a crash. Earlier accidents on the M4 in Berkshire affected traffic heading into the capital London. But a Highways Agency spokesman said: "The delays were a long way from west London and traffic in the area of the Games Lane was no worse than it is on any normal Monday morning.
On Sunday, Sport Minister Hugh Robertson said the authorities had plans to lift the restrictions on the lanes if there was gridlock. The M4 had been closed between junctions two and three for about a week after a crack was found in the Boston Manor viaduct. There were fears the repair work on the damaged flyover near junction two may not be completed in time for the Games Lanes to open, but the motorway reopened on Friday.
But restrictions imposed on vehicles weighing more than 7. Changing travel habits for Games? Games lanes axed if jams too bad. M4 reopens after emergency repair. Quick road changes for the Games.
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