In musical terms, this is known as staccato. Hip-hop originated in New York, and to this day the majority of rappers originate on the East Coast, especially New York. West coast hip-hop has a looser feel overall, and the lyrics tend to be harsher and more confrontational. The Los Angeles rap group NWA sparked controversy with their aggressive lyrics, reflective of the harsh world that gave birth to rap in the first place.
Other west coast artists played a major role in bringing commercial success to hip-hop. Notice the way Snoop is using his voice — rather than the percussive staccato sound of Grandmaster Flash, Snoop has a more fluid and rhythmically varied style of rapping.
This kind of song structure was important in bringing hip-hop to mainstream popularity. Trap is a heavy, brutally melodic subgenre of hip-hop rising out of the South. Trap has a slow-burn feel with heavy bass and broad use of minor key sounds. DJs are the soul behind the beat that pleases, surprises, and puts people on the dance floor. The best DJs have an almost mystical sense of mood at a party or club. It is that insight, a passionate knowledge of music, and technical know-how that make DJing one of the pillars of Hip Hop culture.
Twin turntables are standard, allowing the DJ to switch easily between songs, or spin and manipulate records in tandem to create effects or unique musical combinations. The turntables are wired to a receiver, amplifier, and earthquake-causing speakers. The DJ may use headphones to cue up the next song or song segment as the current music plays.
Then he or she uses a mixer, or fader, to make transitions from one turntable to the other—hopefully without missing a beat.
But most Hip Hop purists frown on DJs who button-push preprogrammed playlists. Hip Hop culture saves its greatest praise for inspired improvisation.
Herc experimented with methods to extend these sections by playing the same record on both turntables, a technique refined by fellow pioneering DJ Grandmaster Flash. With needle-fine timing, they switched back and forth between the turntables to multiply the break.
Since the beginning, Hip Hop DJs have been instrumental in channeling youthful energy away from trouble and toward creative fun. Good DJs constantly explore ways to pleasantly shock their audiences. They may give people the songs they expect, planning out smooth transitions by matching beats and musical keys from one number to the next. They also innovate by listening for songs within songs, lifting and linking snippets to take the music somewhere new.
In the never-ending quest to distinguish their mix, DJs often haunt used-record stores. They are on the prowl for long-lost songs or sounds they can make new again through the magic of Hip Hop. All that is good from the past and present has a place at the Hip Hop turntable.
As part of the Hip Hop style of life, DJs are constantly experimenting to set themselves apart from competition. One technique DJs embraced is scratching.
To scratch, the DJ physically manipulates the record beneath the needle. Grand Wizzard Theodore stumbled on the technique in the mids. He was a young teen blasting his music when his mom scolded him to turn it down. He fumbled the needle, liked the effect, practiced it, and began using it in shows.
Other DJs quickly added scratching to their repertoire as a way to inject more personal style into the music flow. More recently, turntablism has become an astounding source of new style. It involves extensive real-time sampling from spinning records to create something funky and fresh. Watching an experienced turntablist create in real time is an awe-inspiring experience.
Before long, though, MCs wanted to showcase their own talents. I would make an announcement this way, and somebody would hear that and they add a little bit to it. More and more, MCs earned the right to grab the mic using freestyle skills to entertain and command a live audience. Rappers emerged as a somewhat distinct group as rap gained commercial success. They were the voices and characters that created and sold the records. In some ways, the talents and responsibilities of rappers overlap with MCs, and an MC might also rap.
The interaction with the audience is the big difference. They created personas, cooler-than-life characters that might be super-smooth or gangland tough. They boasted about their style and talents and made sure to honor the DJ. Before Hip Hop and rap took hold in the United States, spoken-word poetry occasionally worked its way into jazz performances.
Both emerged in the lates and paired political poetry with improvisational jazz. Increasingly, students of Hip Hop culture recognize the best MCs as accomplished formal poets.
They rap complex rhyme schemes, most built on a rock-solid four-beat rhythm, or meter. But again, a good MC surprises audiences with syncopation and other off-the-beat techniques. Hip Hop aficionados reserve special respect for MCs with freestyle skills—the ability to improvise fresh rhymes while standing in the heat of the spotlight.
One element of Hip Hop predates the music and dance scene itself—graffiti writing, or simply writing as the artists themselves call it. But it blossomed at the same time the music and dance scenes were finding their feet, and its wild and color-outside-the-lines improvisational style were influenced and inspired by the desire to create something new and fresh. Graffiti has been around since humans first painted, etched, or carved on rock walls.
But urban youth put a new spin on it in the s. He was striving to impress a girl named Cynthia. However, Kool Herc would play funk, soul, and other genres with percussive sections.
Using a pair of turntables, Kool Herc would play two copies of the same record and then switch between them to extend the percussive section known as the break. The break section was also the most anticipated part of a song where people danced the most. Break-dancers would form dancer circles and save their best dance moves for the break. Overtime, breaking evolved and became a global subculture that transcended into the mainstream. Kool Herc also helped develop the rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes and wordplay performed by MCs.
He would speak in rhythm and rhyme over instrumental parts of songs to hype the crowd. His style of lyrical chanting and rhythmic wordplay was an early form of rapping inspired by the Jamaican tradition of toasting. Kool Herc also enlisted his friend Coke La Rock to control the mic at their parties. He formed Universal Zulu Nation , a music-oriented organization that encourages peace and unity through the expressions of hip hop culture.
Members introduced urban youth to DJing, breakdancing, rapping, and visual art. To this day, Zulu Nation continues to spread hip hop culture throughout the world. Instead of rapping over funk beats, Bambaataa created an electronic sound by sampling Kraftwerk and using the Roland TR drum machine. The song helped popularize the TR, which became a staple of hip hop music. He was the first DJ to manipulate records in a backward, forward or counterclockwise motion.
He also invented distinct DJing techniques such as the backspin, cutting, punch phrasing, and scratching. The group became widely acknowledged as one of the most influential hip hop acts. Flash would also perform acrobatic DJing skills by manipulating vinyl with his fingers, toes, elbows, and objects.
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five had several influential songs. The powerful lyrics also detailed the grim realities of life in the ghetto, which was a significant shift from the traditional rhythmic chants of early hip hop.
In , Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five made history again. The group became the first hip hop act inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The early s was a vital turning point for hip hop and music production. Synthesizers, samplers, and drum machines became cheaper and more accessible. Instead of relying on DJ breakbeats, music producers could now program original drum patterns.
The TR also became a cornerstone of hip hop for its powerful bass drum sound. Sampling technology also emerged during the s.
They used these samplers to piece together breaks in songs rather than using turntables. Samplers also allowed producers to perform, rearrange sections, sequence arrangments, edit, and mix music in new ways. These production methods were an early form of remixing. Over time sampling technology advanced. A new generation of samplers such as the AKAI S provided increased memory, higher sampling rates, better editing capabilities, and more. Music producers experimented with techniques such as layering sounds, looping, sequencing elaborate arrangements, adding effects, and more.
Turntable and mixer technology also advanced. Nevertheless, by the beginning of the s, hip hop was a staple of popular music charts and was being performed in many styles across the world. Genre history. This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes see www. See also our Disclaimer.
Turntable, rapping , drum machine, Sampler, synthesizer , human beatboxing. Since late s in the United States, worldwide beginning in early s, among best-selling genres of music by early s.
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